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Beyond the investment itself, programmes impose additional requirements. Common ones involve proof of no criminal record, medical insurance, evidence of sufficient means and a required physical presence in the country per year.

Past the headline threshold, programmes carry additional requirements. Common ones involve a police clearance certificate, health cover, evidence of sufficient means and a required physical presence in the country each year.

Recurring property taxes apply every year afterwards. Rates vary from place to place, and some countries apply a separate rate for non-residents. Where a unit is left unused most of the time, vacancy taxes can apply.

The starting point is what foreign buyers are actually allowed to own. Certain jurisdictions allow full ownership of apartments yet limit agricultural land; others ask for a locally registered company or a leasehold arrangement instead.